Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and quality control of Polyporus umbellatus (Pers.) Fries: a review:

Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Polyporus umbellatus (Pers.) Fries (Polyporaceae, Zhuling ) has been commonly used in medicine for a wide range of ailments related to the edema, scanty urine, vaginal discharge, urinary dysfunction, as well as jaundice and diarrhea.

Aim of the review: The present paper reviewed the traditional uses, propagation, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and quality control of Polyporus umbellatus.

Materials and methods: All the available information on Polyporus umbellatus was collected via a library and electronic search (using Web of Science, Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Splinker, Google Scholar, etc.).

Results: Phytochemical studies showed the presence of many valuable secondary metabolites such as steroids, polysaccharides, anthraquinones and nucleosides. Crude extracts and isolated compounds showed a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities including diuretic, nephroprotective, anti-cancer, immuno-enhancing, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities. The pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that the ergosterol and ergone had a high distribution and absorption in the plasma and the two main components of Polyporus umbellatus were mainly excreted by faeces. The determination of multiple chemical components was successfully applied to the quality control of Polyporus umbellatus.

Conclusions: Modern phytochemical, pharmacological and metabonomic investigations showed that the crude extracts and isolated compounds from Polyporus umbellatus possess many kinds of biological functions, especially in the diuretic activities and the treatment of kidney diseases as well as anti-cancer, immuno-enhancing and hepatoprotective activities. The pathways of the distribution, absorption, metabolism and excretion of main steroidal compounds were clarified by pharmacokinetic studies. Most of the pharmacological studies were conducted using crude and poorly characterized extracts of Polyporus umbellatus in animals especially in case of diuretic activities and the treatment of kidney diseases. Thus, more bioactive components especially diuretic compounds should be identified using bioactivity-guided isolation strategies and the possible mechanism of action as well as potential synergistic or antagonistic effects of multi-component mixtures derived from Polyporus umbellatus need to be evaluated integrating pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, bioavailability-centered and physiological approaches. In addition, more experiments including in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies should be encouraged to identify any side effects or toxicity. These achievements will further expand the existing therapeutic potential of Polyporus umbellatus and provide a beneficial support to its future further clinical use in modern medicine.

Keywords: A. mellea; AQP1; AQP2; AQP3; Armillariella mellea; CRF; CZE; CaOx; Ergone; FA-ergone-BSANPs; FLD; HPLC; IFN-γ; MS(n); P. umbellatus; PUP; Pharmacokinetics; Pharmacology; Phytochemistry; Polyporus umbellatus; Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharides; Propagation; Quality control; RRLC; SD; Sprague-Dawley; TCM; TGF-β1; TLR-4; TNF-α; UPLC-Q-TOF/MS; V(2)R; WLS; Wulingsan; aquaporin-1; aquaporin-2; aquaporin-3; calcium oxalate; capillary zone electrophoresis; chronic renal failure; ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetren-3-one; fluorescence detection; folate-decorated ergone-bovine serum albumin nanoparticles; high performance liquid chromatography; interferon-γ; multi-stage mass spectrometry; rapid resolution liquid chromatography; toll-like receptor 4; traditional Chinese medicine; transforming growth factor-β1; tumor necrotic factor-α; ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry; vasopressin V(2) receptor.

HEALTH BENEFITS OF MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS

While much attention in recent years has focused on various immunological and anti-cancer properties of certain mushrooms, they also offer other potentially important health benefits, including antioxidants, anti-hypertensive and cholesterol-lowering properties, liver protection, as well as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-viral and anti-microbial properties. These properties have attracted the interest of many pharmaceutical companies, which are viewing the medicinal mushroom as a rich source of innovative biomedical molecules.

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Medan mycket uppmärksamhet de senaste åren har fokuserat på olika immunologiska och cancerframkallande egenskaper hos vissa svampar, erbjuder de också andra potentiellt viktiga hälsofördelar, inklusive antioxidanter, antihypertensiva och kolesterolsänkande egenskaper, leverskydd samt antiinflammatoriska , antidiabetiska, antivirala och antimikrobiella egenskaper. Dessa egenskaper har väckt intresse hos många läkemedelsföretag, som ser den medicinska svampen som en rik källa till innovativa biomedicinska molekyler.